According to Louann Brizendine, 'The female Brain', 2006, the male brain is about nine percent larger than the female. In fact, women and men have the same number of brain cells, but the woman's is more tightly packed into the skull.
In the areas of the brain dealing with language and hearing, women have a full 11% more neurons than men, and the part of the brain associated with memory, the hippocampus, is also larger in women. The circuitry for observing emotion on other people's faces is again larger compared to the male. In relation to speech, emotional intelligence and the ability to store rich memory, women have a natural advantage.
Men on the other hand, have more processors in the amygdala, a part of the brain which regulates fear and aggression. The female brain experiences greater stress over the same event as a man's and this stress is a way of taking account of all possible risks to her children or family unit.
Women use different parts of the brain and different circuits than men to accomplish the same tasks, including solving problems, processing, language and generally experiencing the world.
Women have better immune systems than men. Estrogen gives women a better natural defense systems against bacteria and viruses, according to a study at McGill University
FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES
Men and women differ in the way they think!!!...
They differ in use of different parts of the brain to encode memories, sense emotions, recognize faces, solve certain problems and make decisions.
Functional differences (Male Brain)
Predominantly hard-wired for understanding and building systems. Value more for power, politics and competition. When listening, neurons on only one side of the brain are activated.
In interpretation of whole sentences, men use one side of brain.
In stress, increased blood flow to the right prefrontal cortex, responsible for "fight or flight". Male tend to be more logical emotionally. Men navigate by using abstract concepts such as north and south or distances.
In play, engage in more rough-and tumble play, Aggression, show more "direct" aggression such as pushing, hitting & punching. Better at visual spatial abilities, quantitative problem solving, mental rotation and spatial perception.
Tend to be better in independence, dominance, spatial & mathematical skills, rank-related aggression.
Functional differences (Female Brain)
Predominantly hard-wired for empathy. Value the development of altruistic, reciprocal relationships.
While listening, neurons on both sides of the brain are activated. In interpretation, women use both sides of the brain.
There is increased blood to limbic system which is associated with nurturing & friendly response.
Women tend to be more observant. Women navigate by talking about landmarks and things that can be seen or heard.
Engage in more nurturing games, show more "indirect" (or "relational") aggression. Better in verbal memory tasks, verbal fluency tasks & in speed of articulation.
Show greater concern through more sad looks, sympathetic vocalizations and comforting.
Women were observed to show more comfort, even to strangers. can think logically and emotionally at the same time.
Emotions (Women)
Faster and more accurate at identifying emotions. Better at controlling their emotions.
More adept in encoding facial differences & changing vocal intonations.>Part of brain involved is large, use both hemispheres.
BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES
Biochemically heterogeneous in regard to sex and brain region. Seen mainly in the sensorimotor cortex and orbital frontal cortex. Functional brain studies indicate sex differences in brain metabolism.
Differences in Brain Maturation & Aging
The brains of men and women are indeed different from birth. But differences are subtle and might be found only among the synapses in brain structures.
MRI analysis suggest that females brain mature earlier than males brain.
Males age 6-17 years have been shown to display more prominent age-related decreases in grey matter and increases in white matter than females.
Adolescents' brains undergo a substantial "pruning" or reduction in grey matter volume, this happens 2 years earlier in females.
Girls reach puberty two years earlier than boys.
Conclusion
Male & female brains show anatomical, functional and biochemical differences in all stages of life.
References
Louann Brizendine. (2006). "The female Brain". New York, NY: Morgan Road Books.
Gini A, Larrivee D, Farisco M, Sironi VA Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics 2015, 4:1-10.
Thomas GP, Jobst BC Medical Devices: Evidence and Research 2015, 8:405-411.
Vilotti S, Fabbretti E, Nistri. (2015). A Journal of Receptor, Ligand and Channel Research, 8:31-41.
Bryukhovetskiy. (2015). A Journal of Neurorestoratology, 3:39-55.
Tuesday, 16 January 2018
Friday, 29 July 2016
CHARLES DARWIN:
The British scientist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept of the development of all forms of life through the slow-working process of natural selection. His work has exerted a major influence on the life sciences and earth sciences and on modern thought in general.
Darwin tried to show how the origin of living species could be fully explained by the purely mechanical,unplanned action of natural forces. By the process he called "natural selection", all the higher,complex forms of life gradually evolved from more primitive and rudimentary ones. In a given animal population,for example, some individuals will have traits that make them adopt better to their environment; these more fit individuals will survive to pass on their favorable traits to their offspring. The unfit will gradually be weeded out naturally.Thus a cold climate will favor those who have,say,long hair or fatty tissue, and the species will then gradually evolve in that direction.
Everything in nature has a plan or design, and behind that plan or design is a brain,a very big brain.
For example, a frog may lay thousands of eggs, but out of all of them only a few may survive to adulthood. Those who do are more fit than the others. If the environment did not favorably select the fittest, then too many frogs............A snake gives birth to scores of snakes at a time,and if all were allowed to exist, there would be a great disturbance. Therefore,big snakes devour the small snakes. That is nature's law. But behind nature's law is a brain. That is our proposition. Nature's law is not blind,because behind it there is a brain,and that brain is God.
Whatever is taking place in material nature is being directed by the Supreme Lord, who maintains everything in order. The economic theory of Malthus states that whenever there is overpopulation, there must be an outbreak of war, epidemic,famine or the like to curb it.
Scientists say life arose out of four basic elements: carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen.
If the basic principle is chemicals,who made the chemicals?
That question should be asked.
Apelike men or manlike apes are still existing now,alongside human beings. If one thing has been developed by the transformation of another thing,then that original thing should no longer be in existence. When in this way a cause has produced its effect,the cause ceases to exist. But in this case we see that the cause is still present,that there are still monkeys and apes. At the present moment both simple and complex forms are existing. One did not develop into the other. For example,my childhood body has developed into my adult body, and the child's body is no longer there. So if the higher, complex species developed from the simpler,lower species, then we should see no simple species. But all species are now existing simultaneously. We accept evolution, but not that all forms of the species are changing. The bodies are all already there, but the soul is evolving by changing bodies and by transforming from one body to another. I have evolved from my childhood body to my adult body,and now my childhood body is extinct. But there are many other children.
Similarly,all the species are now existing simultaneously,and they were all there in the past.
The soul is evolving, transmigrating from one compartment to another compartment,simply changing place.
Darwin hit upon his theory because of what he observed on his voyage in 1835 to the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of South America. He found there species that exist nowhere else.
>NB: Since the time of Darwin up to the present, scientists have found abundant archaeological evidence indicating that human beings lived millions of years ago, long before the Darwinian evolutionists say they did. However, because this evidence contradicts Darwinian theories,it tends to be omitted in science texts written by Darwinists.
References: i). Forbidden Archaeology, by Michael Cremo and Richard Thompson.
ii). The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Darwin tried to show how the origin of living species could be fully explained by the purely mechanical,unplanned action of natural forces. By the process he called "natural selection", all the higher,complex forms of life gradually evolved from more primitive and rudimentary ones. In a given animal population,for example, some individuals will have traits that make them adopt better to their environment; these more fit individuals will survive to pass on their favorable traits to their offspring. The unfit will gradually be weeded out naturally.Thus a cold climate will favor those who have,say,long hair or fatty tissue, and the species will then gradually evolve in that direction.
Everything in nature has a plan or design, and behind that plan or design is a brain,a very big brain.
For example, a frog may lay thousands of eggs, but out of all of them only a few may survive to adulthood. Those who do are more fit than the others. If the environment did not favorably select the fittest, then too many frogs............A snake gives birth to scores of snakes at a time,and if all were allowed to exist, there would be a great disturbance. Therefore,big snakes devour the small snakes. That is nature's law. But behind nature's law is a brain. That is our proposition. Nature's law is not blind,because behind it there is a brain,and that brain is God.
Whatever is taking place in material nature is being directed by the Supreme Lord, who maintains everything in order. The economic theory of Malthus states that whenever there is overpopulation, there must be an outbreak of war, epidemic,famine or the like to curb it.
Scientists say life arose out of four basic elements: carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen.
If the basic principle is chemicals,who made the chemicals?
That question should be asked.
Apelike men or manlike apes are still existing now,alongside human beings. If one thing has been developed by the transformation of another thing,then that original thing should no longer be in existence. When in this way a cause has produced its effect,the cause ceases to exist. But in this case we see that the cause is still present,that there are still monkeys and apes. At the present moment both simple and complex forms are existing. One did not develop into the other. For example,my childhood body has developed into my adult body, and the child's body is no longer there. So if the higher, complex species developed from the simpler,lower species, then we should see no simple species. But all species are now existing simultaneously. We accept evolution, but not that all forms of the species are changing. The bodies are all already there, but the soul is evolving by changing bodies and by transforming from one body to another. I have evolved from my childhood body to my adult body,and now my childhood body is extinct. But there are many other children.
Similarly,all the species are now existing simultaneously,and they were all there in the past.
The soul is evolving, transmigrating from one compartment to another compartment,simply changing place.
Darwin hit upon his theory because of what he observed on his voyage in 1835 to the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of South America. He found there species that exist nowhere else.
>NB: Since the time of Darwin up to the present, scientists have found abundant archaeological evidence indicating that human beings lived millions of years ago, long before the Darwinian evolutionists say they did. However, because this evidence contradicts Darwinian theories,it tends to be omitted in science texts written by Darwinists.
References: i). Forbidden Archaeology, by Michael Cremo and Richard Thompson.
ii). The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Monday, 27 June 2016
SOREN KIERKEGAARD:
Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) is generally regarded as the father of existentialism. His concern with individual existence,choice and commitment profoundly influenced modern Western theology and philosophy.
Kierkegaard, a devoult christian, believed that religious truth is not innate within man and that man must therefore recieve this truth from God. But he thought that God would overawe us if He Himself came to teach. Therefore Kieekegaard said that God comes instead as His own servant in human form. For a christian, this teacher is Jesus Christ.
"Engage your mind always in thinking of Me, become my devotee, offer obeisances to Me, and worship Me. Being completely absorbed in Me, surely you will come to Me." This is God's demand. And if we carry it out we attain perfection.
Kierkegaard observed three basic stages in life: the aesthetic stage, the ethical stage and the religious stage. In the first stage -the aesthetic stage -a person may be either a hedonist in search of sensual pleasure or an intellectual intereasted in philosophical speculation. Kierkegaard says that both are uncommitted. Neither has any ultimate goal in life.
Kierkegaard says that people on this platform are not really philosophers but simply mental speculators. They become bored with themselves,and their lives become empty of meaning and full of despair. Despair is a result of impersonalism and voidism. Impersonalists and voidists must necessarily be overcome by despair, because they are always disgusted with their lives and because they do not know the goal of life. When one has no goal he becomes dissapointed, and that dissapointment is the cause of despair.
Kierkegaard sees this despair as the first stepping stone toward self-realization. Understanding that the aesthetic life ends in despair, in hopelessness, a person abandons this type of life for the next stage.
According to Kierkegaard, to attain self-realization we must confront certain choices -we must become aware that life is an "either/or" proposition. Realizing this,we advance to the second stage -the ethical stage. At this point we take an active part in dealing with life rather than aimlessly taking pleasure from life. We may act piously or attempt humanitarian deeds.
For Kierkegaard, the important thing is not so much what one chooses but that one makes the choice. Through choosing one discovers his own integrity.
Kierkegaard believed that if we begin to anticipate death, we will make the right decisions. In other words, we should act in such a way that we consider each act to be our last. In this way, he believed the truth will emerge. No one wants to die, but death overcomes everyone.
For Kierkegaard, faith in God developes when the soul is willing to stand transparent before God in his full integrity. Standing transparent before God means engaging in God's service. But to engage in God's servive we must understand that we are His parts and parcels. Just as each part of the body engages in the service of the entire body, so every living entity is meant to engage in the service of God. As soon as you engage in God's service, you are self realized.
Kierkegaard sees self-realization arising out of the expression of the will. He thought that the more self-realized a person is, the more powerful is his will and the better he is able to make proper decisions.
Concerning individuality,Kierkegaard wrote,"God is the origin and wellspring of all individuality. This individuality is the gift of God through which He permits me to be, and through which He permits everyone to be."
God is a living being, and we are also living beings. Just as He is eternal, we are also eternal. But the difference is that whereas qualitatively we are the same, quantitatively we are different.
God is infinite, and the living entities are infinitestimal. Therefore,all the living entities are being maintained by God. We are all individual and eternal parts of God,so our natural position is to serve Him and to love Him.
Our only business is to love God, and a first-class religious system teaches its followers to love God without ulterior motive. Such worship cannot be checked by material considerations. In any condition we can love God,and God will help us to love Him.
Kierkegaard, a devoult christian, believed that religious truth is not innate within man and that man must therefore recieve this truth from God. But he thought that God would overawe us if He Himself came to teach. Therefore Kieekegaard said that God comes instead as His own servant in human form. For a christian, this teacher is Jesus Christ.
"Engage your mind always in thinking of Me, become my devotee, offer obeisances to Me, and worship Me. Being completely absorbed in Me, surely you will come to Me." This is God's demand. And if we carry it out we attain perfection.
Kierkegaard observed three basic stages in life: the aesthetic stage, the ethical stage and the religious stage. In the first stage -the aesthetic stage -a person may be either a hedonist in search of sensual pleasure or an intellectual intereasted in philosophical speculation. Kierkegaard says that both are uncommitted. Neither has any ultimate goal in life.
Kierkegaard says that people on this platform are not really philosophers but simply mental speculators. They become bored with themselves,and their lives become empty of meaning and full of despair. Despair is a result of impersonalism and voidism. Impersonalists and voidists must necessarily be overcome by despair, because they are always disgusted with their lives and because they do not know the goal of life. When one has no goal he becomes dissapointed, and that dissapointment is the cause of despair.
Kierkegaard sees this despair as the first stepping stone toward self-realization. Understanding that the aesthetic life ends in despair, in hopelessness, a person abandons this type of life for the next stage.
According to Kierkegaard, to attain self-realization we must confront certain choices -we must become aware that life is an "either/or" proposition. Realizing this,we advance to the second stage -the ethical stage. At this point we take an active part in dealing with life rather than aimlessly taking pleasure from life. We may act piously or attempt humanitarian deeds.
For Kierkegaard, the important thing is not so much what one chooses but that one makes the choice. Through choosing one discovers his own integrity.
Kierkegaard believed that if we begin to anticipate death, we will make the right decisions. In other words, we should act in such a way that we consider each act to be our last. In this way, he believed the truth will emerge. No one wants to die, but death overcomes everyone.
For Kierkegaard, faith in God developes when the soul is willing to stand transparent before God in his full integrity. Standing transparent before God means engaging in God's service. But to engage in God's servive we must understand that we are His parts and parcels. Just as each part of the body engages in the service of the entire body, so every living entity is meant to engage in the service of God. As soon as you engage in God's service, you are self realized.
Kierkegaard sees self-realization arising out of the expression of the will. He thought that the more self-realized a person is, the more powerful is his will and the better he is able to make proper decisions.
Concerning individuality,Kierkegaard wrote,"God is the origin and wellspring of all individuality. This individuality is the gift of God through which He permits me to be, and through which He permits everyone to be."
God is a living being, and we are also living beings. Just as He is eternal, we are also eternal. But the difference is that whereas qualitatively we are the same, quantitatively we are different.
God is infinite, and the living entities are infinitestimal. Therefore,all the living entities are being maintained by God. We are all individual and eternal parts of God,so our natural position is to serve Him and to love Him.
Our only business is to love God, and a first-class religious system teaches its followers to love God without ulterior motive. Such worship cannot be checked by material considerations. In any condition we can love God,and God will help us to love Him.
Tuesday, 29 December 2015
THOMAS AQUINAS:
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was the leading christian philosopher of the middle ages.He led an austere life as a celibate monk,writing prolifically and teaching widely.
Thomas Aquinas compiled the entire church doctrine which constitutes the official philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church.
Since human reason is not perfect,revelation is also needed.The truth is attained through logic,philosophy and revelation.If we accept the bonafide spiritual master and please him by submissive service,by virtue of his mercy and pleasure we can understand God and the spiritual world by revelation.When we engage our senses in the Lord's service,the Lord reveals Himself.
For Aquinas,God is the only single essence that consists of pure form.He felt that matter is only a potential and,in order to be real,must assume a certain shape or form.In other words,the living entity has to acquire an individual form in order to actualize himself.When matter unites with form,the form gives individuality and personality.
Aquinas believed that only God and the angels have nonmaterial form.There is no difference between God's form and God's spiritual self.
Aquinas set forth five basic arguments for God's existence: first,God necessary exists as the first cause; second,the material world cannot create itself but needs something external,or spiritual to create it; third,because the world exists,there must be a creator; fourth,since there is relative perfection in the world,there must be absolute perfection underlying it;and fifth,since the creation has design and purpose,there must be a designer who planned it.
In the material world,we engage in many different activities,but they all refer to the material body.In the spiritual world,the spirit engages in the Lord's service,and this is salvation.
Aquinas considered sins to be both venial and mortal.A venial sin is one that can be pardoned,but a mortal sin stains the soul.As materialistic education advances,we are missing the aim of life.Life is meant for understanding the Absolute Truth.Vedic civilization is based on this principle,but modern civilization has deviated and is devoting itself to that which cannot possibly relieve us from the tribulations of birth,old age,disease and death.So-called scientific advancement has not solved life's real problems.Although we are eternal,we are presently subjected to birth and death.People create their own way of life,and they are unfortunate and disturbed.
Aquinas concludes that if the laws of God and man conflict,we should obey the laws of God.
Thomas Aquinas compiled the entire church doctrine which constitutes the official philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church.
Since human reason is not perfect,revelation is also needed.The truth is attained through logic,philosophy and revelation.If we accept the bonafide spiritual master and please him by submissive service,by virtue of his mercy and pleasure we can understand God and the spiritual world by revelation.When we engage our senses in the Lord's service,the Lord reveals Himself.
For Aquinas,God is the only single essence that consists of pure form.He felt that matter is only a potential and,in order to be real,must assume a certain shape or form.In other words,the living entity has to acquire an individual form in order to actualize himself.When matter unites with form,the form gives individuality and personality.
Aquinas believed that only God and the angels have nonmaterial form.There is no difference between God's form and God's spiritual self.
Aquinas set forth five basic arguments for God's existence: first,God necessary exists as the first cause; second,the material world cannot create itself but needs something external,or spiritual to create it; third,because the world exists,there must be a creator; fourth,since there is relative perfection in the world,there must be absolute perfection underlying it;and fifth,since the creation has design and purpose,there must be a designer who planned it.
In the material world,we engage in many different activities,but they all refer to the material body.In the spiritual world,the spirit engages in the Lord's service,and this is salvation.
Aquinas considered sins to be both venial and mortal.A venial sin is one that can be pardoned,but a mortal sin stains the soul.As materialistic education advances,we are missing the aim of life.Life is meant for understanding the Absolute Truth.Vedic civilization is based on this principle,but modern civilization has deviated and is devoting itself to that which cannot possibly relieve us from the tribulations of birth,old age,disease and death.So-called scientific advancement has not solved life's real problems.Although we are eternal,we are presently subjected to birth and death.People create their own way of life,and they are unfortunate and disturbed.
Aquinas concludes that if the laws of God and man conflict,we should obey the laws of God.
Friday, 18 September 2015
St. AUGUSTINE:
Augustine (A.D. 354-430) considered the soul to be spiritual and different from the material body but he also believed that the soul did not exist before the body's birth.He simply supposed that the soul is the superior part of the person and the body the inferior part.He also thought that the soul attains immortality only after God creates it-only after God brings it into being.At death,Augustine said,the soul goes on to live eternally.
Augustine considered that because of Adam's fall,all men are subject to the death of the body.In addition,Augustine believed that while God destines some men to enjoy everlasting happiness after death,He destines others to undergo everlasting suffering.In other words,Augustine said that some people endure both physical death-when the soul abandons the body-and "soul-death"-when God abandons the soul.Thus,when one is damned he faces not only physical death but also "soul-death."
Figuratively speaking,when one forgets his identity as a servant of God,he undergoes a kind of death-but actually the soul is eternal.So,what Augustine calls "soul-death" is actually forgetfulness of God.Of course,until one acquires freedom from material existence,one is "spiritually dead," even though still existing in the material form.Forgetfulness of one's real identity is a kind of death,because only when one is alive to God consciousness is he actually alive.In any case,the soul is eternal and survives the annihilation of the body.The soul is essentially part and parcel of God,but in this material world the soul is factually imprisoned in different types of bodies.
The soul,always part and parcel of God,simply assumes different types of bodies according to his pious or impious activities and desires.The desires of the soul actually determine higher or lower bodies.But in any case,the soul is the same.It is therefore said that those who are advanced in spiritual consciousness see the same quality of soul in each and everybody.
There are many people who are well situated,and there are others who are suffering.
Suffering and enjoyment take place according to one's body.
In the human form of life,as in other forms,material nature punishes the living entity with so much suffering.But at the same time you can consider human life a gift-because in the human form we can approach God.We should think that if God has given us this body for our punishment,it is His mercy,because by undergoing His punishment willingly,we may become purified and progress toward God.Devotees think in this way.Although the body is a form of punishment,they consider it a reward-because by undergoing the punishment,they are progressing toward God realization.Even when the body is given by God for our correction,it can thus be considered a gift.
Concerning peace,Augustine writes "peace between a mortal man and his maker consists in ordered obedience,guided by faith,under God's eternal law.Peace means coming in contact with the Supreme Personality of Godhead.A man in ignorance thinks that he is the enjoyer of this world,but when he contacts the Supreme Personality of Godhead,the Supreme controller,he understands that God is the enjoyer.
a servant supplies the needs of his master,and we are servants meant to supply enjoyment to God.Actually God Has no needs to fulfill,yet He enjoys the company of His servants,who in turn enjoy His company.A servant is very happy when he receives a good master,and a master is happy to acquire a very faithful servant.This is the relationship between the individual soul and God,and when this relationship is destroyed,it is said that the individual soul exists in illusion.When the relationship is restored,the individual is situated in his spiritual consciousness by which he understands that the Supreme God is the actual enjoyer and that we are His servants.God is the actual enjoyer and proprietor as well as the Supreme Being.When we understand God's transcendental qualities,we become happy and attain peace.
Augustine considered that because of Adam's fall,all men are subject to the death of the body.In addition,Augustine believed that while God destines some men to enjoy everlasting happiness after death,He destines others to undergo everlasting suffering.In other words,Augustine said that some people endure both physical death-when the soul abandons the body-and "soul-death"-when God abandons the soul.Thus,when one is damned he faces not only physical death but also "soul-death."
Figuratively speaking,when one forgets his identity as a servant of God,he undergoes a kind of death-but actually the soul is eternal.So,what Augustine calls "soul-death" is actually forgetfulness of God.Of course,until one acquires freedom from material existence,one is "spiritually dead," even though still existing in the material form.Forgetfulness of one's real identity is a kind of death,because only when one is alive to God consciousness is he actually alive.In any case,the soul is eternal and survives the annihilation of the body.The soul is essentially part and parcel of God,but in this material world the soul is factually imprisoned in different types of bodies.
The soul,always part and parcel of God,simply assumes different types of bodies according to his pious or impious activities and desires.The desires of the soul actually determine higher or lower bodies.But in any case,the soul is the same.It is therefore said that those who are advanced in spiritual consciousness see the same quality of soul in each and everybody.
There are many people who are well situated,and there are others who are suffering.
Suffering and enjoyment take place according to one's body.
In the human form of life,as in other forms,material nature punishes the living entity with so much suffering.But at the same time you can consider human life a gift-because in the human form we can approach God.We should think that if God has given us this body for our punishment,it is His mercy,because by undergoing His punishment willingly,we may become purified and progress toward God.Devotees think in this way.Although the body is a form of punishment,they consider it a reward-because by undergoing the punishment,they are progressing toward God realization.Even when the body is given by God for our correction,it can thus be considered a gift.
Concerning peace,Augustine writes "peace between a mortal man and his maker consists in ordered obedience,guided by faith,under God's eternal law.Peace means coming in contact with the Supreme Personality of Godhead.A man in ignorance thinks that he is the enjoyer of this world,but when he contacts the Supreme Personality of Godhead,the Supreme controller,he understands that God is the enjoyer.
a servant supplies the needs of his master,and we are servants meant to supply enjoyment to God.Actually God Has no needs to fulfill,yet He enjoys the company of His servants,who in turn enjoy His company.A servant is very happy when he receives a good master,and a master is happy to acquire a very faithful servant.This is the relationship between the individual soul and God,and when this relationship is destroyed,it is said that the individual soul exists in illusion.When the relationship is restored,the individual is situated in his spiritual consciousness by which he understands that the Supreme God is the actual enjoyer and that we are His servants.God is the actual enjoyer and proprietor as well as the Supreme Being.When we understand God's transcendental qualities,we become happy and attain peace.
Friday, 10 July 2015
ARISTOTLE:
Aristotle (384-322 BC) was Plato's leading student and the teacher of Alexander the Great.Aristotle constructed a system of abstract notions and principles-"matter,""form,"and "privation" ; "potency" and "act"; the ten categories; the four kinds of causes; and so on-which he tried to show were universal in scope,capable of explicating reality on all levels.He wanted to show how all of reality is thus intelligible.
God is perfect: He is pure form,without potentiality or matter.But man is a combination of matter and form.Since man is form and matter,he is imperfect,less than fully or realized.This imperfection is inherent,being located in matter or potentiality.
This conceptualization is nonsense.Man is not made of matter but is covered by matter.Man is made of spirit.If God is spirit,man is also spirit.In the Bible it is also said that "man is made in the image of God";therefore man is originally perfect.
A person is generally healthy,he falls into a diseased condition,it is not his inherent imperfection.It is something external that has attacked a healthy man.According to his original nature,the living entity is healthy,or in other words,pure spirit.
Although Aristotle criticized the Platonic separation between matter and form,his evaluation of these two was much like that of his teacher.Matter for Aristotle is unknowable and unintelligible,of no intrinsic worth; it is the cause of imperfection,change and destruction.Form alone is the object of knowledge,the really real,the unchangeable and enduring; it alone endows the world with meaning,intelligibility,and intrinsic purpose.
There is a process of evolution.The living entity passes from one species to another,from fish to trees to vegetables to insects to birds,beasts,and humans.In the human form,the result of evolution is fully manifest.It is like a flower unfolding from a bud.When the living entity attains the human form,his proper duty is to understand his lost relationship with God.If he misses this opportunity,he may regress.
Aristotle is correct,therefore when he says that everything has a purpose.The whole creative process aims at bringing the living entity back home,back to Godhead.
Does every living entity eventually come to that point? As a human being,you can properly utilize your consciousness,or you can misuse it.That is up to you.
Now,as a human,you can choose whether to return to God or again endure the cycle of birth and death.If you are fortunate,you make the proper choice according to the instructions of the spiritual master.Then your life is successful.Aristotle sees a hierarchy of forms extending from minerals,vegetables and animals up to human beings and ultimately God,who is pure form and pure act.God is devoid of all potentiality or materiality.
Of course there is a hierarchy.And the individual soul transmigrates from one form to another.That is a fact.You accept another form just as you accept another suit of clothes.Those clothes may be valuable,or of no value whatsoever.You get your clothes according to the price you pay,and you accept a form according to your work.Similarly,you bring about your own form,and you enjoy or suffer according to your work.
In any case,a material form is never perfect,because it undergoes six changes.It is born,it grows,it stays for a while,it leaves some by-products,it dwindles,and then it vanishes.When a form vanishes,it decomposes,and its various elements return to nature.
God is pure form or actuality,without matter or potentiality.But for Aristotle,form without matter means thought.Therefore,he considered God to be entirely mind or intellect and the divine life to be the life of the mind.God's perfection requires this.
Aristotle recommends that a man should meditate to become perfect.This meditation presupposes imperfection.Contemplation is recommended for conditioned living entities,but we should understand that God is never conditioned or imperfect.He is so powerful that whatever He desires or wills immediately comes into being.If one knows nothing of God,one should not speak of God.God certainly reciprocates with His devotees.As we offer our love to God,He responds and co-operates accordingly.
God need only think of a thing in order for that thing to be created or actualized.God's thinking,feeling,willing,and acting are the same.Because we are imperfect,when we think of something it may or may not happen.But whenever God thinks of something,it takes place.One has to speculate if one does not receive perfect knowledge from God Himself. No one can check what God decides.It doesn't matter whether you help God or not,but it is in your interest that you become His instrument.
For Aristotle,God is known by speculative reason,not by revelation.We are all limited,and God is unlimited; therefore we cannot understand God by our limited sensory powers.Consequently,God must be known by revelation.
It is not possible to know God by mental speculation.But when we engage in His service,He reveals Himself.When we are freed of ignorance by our service to God,God reveals Himself.
God is perfect: He is pure form,without potentiality or matter.But man is a combination of matter and form.Since man is form and matter,he is imperfect,less than fully or realized.This imperfection is inherent,being located in matter or potentiality.
This conceptualization is nonsense.Man is not made of matter but is covered by matter.Man is made of spirit.If God is spirit,man is also spirit.In the Bible it is also said that "man is made in the image of God";therefore man is originally perfect.
A person is generally healthy,he falls into a diseased condition,it is not his inherent imperfection.It is something external that has attacked a healthy man.According to his original nature,the living entity is healthy,or in other words,pure spirit.
Although Aristotle criticized the Platonic separation between matter and form,his evaluation of these two was much like that of his teacher.Matter for Aristotle is unknowable and unintelligible,of no intrinsic worth; it is the cause of imperfection,change and destruction.Form alone is the object of knowledge,the really real,the unchangeable and enduring; it alone endows the world with meaning,intelligibility,and intrinsic purpose.
There is a process of evolution.The living entity passes from one species to another,from fish to trees to vegetables to insects to birds,beasts,and humans.In the human form,the result of evolution is fully manifest.It is like a flower unfolding from a bud.When the living entity attains the human form,his proper duty is to understand his lost relationship with God.If he misses this opportunity,he may regress.
Aristotle is correct,therefore when he says that everything has a purpose.The whole creative process aims at bringing the living entity back home,back to Godhead.
Does every living entity eventually come to that point? As a human being,you can properly utilize your consciousness,or you can misuse it.That is up to you.
Now,as a human,you can choose whether to return to God or again endure the cycle of birth and death.If you are fortunate,you make the proper choice according to the instructions of the spiritual master.Then your life is successful.Aristotle sees a hierarchy of forms extending from minerals,vegetables and animals up to human beings and ultimately God,who is pure form and pure act.God is devoid of all potentiality or materiality.
Of course there is a hierarchy.And the individual soul transmigrates from one form to another.That is a fact.You accept another form just as you accept another suit of clothes.Those clothes may be valuable,or of no value whatsoever.You get your clothes according to the price you pay,and you accept a form according to your work.Similarly,you bring about your own form,and you enjoy or suffer according to your work.
In any case,a material form is never perfect,because it undergoes six changes.It is born,it grows,it stays for a while,it leaves some by-products,it dwindles,and then it vanishes.When a form vanishes,it decomposes,and its various elements return to nature.
God is pure form or actuality,without matter or potentiality.But for Aristotle,form without matter means thought.Therefore,he considered God to be entirely mind or intellect and the divine life to be the life of the mind.God's perfection requires this.
Aristotle recommends that a man should meditate to become perfect.This meditation presupposes imperfection.Contemplation is recommended for conditioned living entities,but we should understand that God is never conditioned or imperfect.He is so powerful that whatever He desires or wills immediately comes into being.If one knows nothing of God,one should not speak of God.God certainly reciprocates with His devotees.As we offer our love to God,He responds and co-operates accordingly.
God need only think of a thing in order for that thing to be created or actualized.God's thinking,feeling,willing,and acting are the same.Because we are imperfect,when we think of something it may or may not happen.But whenever God thinks of something,it takes place.One has to speculate if one does not receive perfect knowledge from God Himself. No one can check what God decides.It doesn't matter whether you help God or not,but it is in your interest that you become His instrument.
For Aristotle,God is known by speculative reason,not by revelation.We are all limited,and God is unlimited; therefore we cannot understand God by our limited sensory powers.Consequently,God must be known by revelation.
It is not possible to know God by mental speculation.But when we engage in His service,He reveals Himself.When we are freed of ignorance by our service to God,God reveals Himself.
Thursday, 18 June 2015
PLATO:
Plato (428-347 BC) was one of the most creative and influential thinkers in Western philosophy.The chief student of Socrates.Plato's major work was on political theory,Plato wrote that society can enjoy prosperity and harmony only if it places people in working categories or classes according to their natural abilities.He thought that people should find out their natural abilities and use those abilities to their fullest capacity-as administrators,as military men,or as craftsmen.Most important,the head of state should not be an average or mediocre man.Instead,society should be led by a very wise and good man-a "philosopher king".
Everyone,both in human society and in animal society,is influenced by the modes of material nature; goodness,passion and ignorance.By scientifically classifying men according to these qualities,society can become perfect.
Plato also observed social divisions.However,he advocated three divisions.One class consisted of the guardians,men of wisdom who governed society.Another class consisted of the warriors,who were courageous and who protected the rest of society.And the third class consisted of the artisans,who performed their services obediently and worked only to satisfy their appetites.
Yes,human society does have this threefold division also.The first-class man is the mode of goodness,the second-class man is the mode of passion,and the third class man is the mode of ignorance.Plato's understanding of the social order was based on his observation that man has a threefold division of intelligence,courage and appetite.Plato believed that man's position is marginal-between matter and spirit-and therefore he also stressed the development of the body.
Plato thought everyone should be educated to work in whatever way is best suited to awaken his natural moral goodness.But moral goodness is not enough,because simple morality will not satisfy the soul.One has to go above morality.Of course,in this material world morality is taken as the highest principle,but there is another platform,which is called the transcendental platform.Man's highest perfection is on that platform.However,because western philosophers have no information of this platform,they consider the material mode of goodness to be the highest perfection and the end of morality.But in this world even moral goodness is infected by the lower modes of ignorance and passion.You cannot find pure goodness in this material world,because pure goodness is the transcendental platform.To come to the platform of pure goodness,which is the ideal,one has to undergo austerities.One has to practice celibacy and control the mind and senses.In this way,one can rise to the platform of pure goodness.
Plato thought the state should train citizens to be virtuous.No one should be trained in everything; that is a waste of time.
If one is inclined toward production,business,or agriculture,he should be trained in those fields.If one is philosophical,he should be trained as a philosopher.If one is materialistic,he should be trained as a warrior.And if one has ordinary ability,he should remain a laborer.The four classes of society are organized by their symptoms and qualifications.One should be selected for training according to his qualifications.
Plato believed that the student's natural tendency wouldn't come out unless he practiced everything.No,that is wrong because the soul is continuous,and therefore everyone has some tendency from his previous birth.Astrology can help if there is a first-class astrologer.Plato's method of education was imperfect because it was based on speculation.A person may be born in the family of guardians,and be a laborer.It is a question not of birth but of qualification.
Everyone,both in human society and in animal society,is influenced by the modes of material nature; goodness,passion and ignorance.By scientifically classifying men according to these qualities,society can become perfect.
Plato also observed social divisions.However,he advocated three divisions.One class consisted of the guardians,men of wisdom who governed society.Another class consisted of the warriors,who were courageous and who protected the rest of society.And the third class consisted of the artisans,who performed their services obediently and worked only to satisfy their appetites.
Yes,human society does have this threefold division also.The first-class man is the mode of goodness,the second-class man is the mode of passion,and the third class man is the mode of ignorance.Plato's understanding of the social order was based on his observation that man has a threefold division of intelligence,courage and appetite.Plato believed that man's position is marginal-between matter and spirit-and therefore he also stressed the development of the body.
Plato thought everyone should be educated to work in whatever way is best suited to awaken his natural moral goodness.But moral goodness is not enough,because simple morality will not satisfy the soul.One has to go above morality.Of course,in this material world morality is taken as the highest principle,but there is another platform,which is called the transcendental platform.Man's highest perfection is on that platform.However,because western philosophers have no information of this platform,they consider the material mode of goodness to be the highest perfection and the end of morality.But in this world even moral goodness is infected by the lower modes of ignorance and passion.You cannot find pure goodness in this material world,because pure goodness is the transcendental platform.To come to the platform of pure goodness,which is the ideal,one has to undergo austerities.One has to practice celibacy and control the mind and senses.In this way,one can rise to the platform of pure goodness.
Plato thought the state should train citizens to be virtuous.No one should be trained in everything; that is a waste of time.
If one is inclined toward production,business,or agriculture,he should be trained in those fields.If one is philosophical,he should be trained as a philosopher.If one is materialistic,he should be trained as a warrior.And if one has ordinary ability,he should remain a laborer.The four classes of society are organized by their symptoms and qualifications.One should be selected for training according to his qualifications.
Plato believed that the student's natural tendency wouldn't come out unless he practiced everything.No,that is wrong because the soul is continuous,and therefore everyone has some tendency from his previous birth.Astrology can help if there is a first-class astrologer.Plato's method of education was imperfect because it was based on speculation.A person may be born in the family of guardians,and be a laborer.It is a question not of birth but of qualification.
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